Cluster seven expresses opinions about what a particular user has posted, as comments are commonly related to the interaction amongst the speakers than to the quota system itself ex. This cluster also seems to bring meanings concerning the northeast states, especially Bahia.
Cluster 8 characterises the groups who benefit from quotas as individuals with limited intellectual capacity ex. Finally, cluster 10 provides an overview of the topics discussed in the posts, regarding race and access to universities.
Issues such as sexuality are also present in words like sexual and transsexual. Some terms, such as problem problema and access acesso , seem to justify a negative semantic prosody. These four main groups table 2 are the topics present in the comments. Interactions amongst users hold the highest numbers The initial expectations were that positive or negative evaluations would be the more frequent themes discussed in the thread of comments.
As table 2 shows, the interaction between the users is the topic with the more significant number of comments, meaning that almost half of what users discussed refers to the opinions that they expressed regarding one another. Each positive and negative opinions are less than a quarter of the total interaction. As the examples will show, more than a place for expressing political views, the comments also were a place for exchanging of personal insults. The presence of offences and racism towards people from Bahia, and the Northeast, in general, was also an unexpected result.
The initial hypothesis was that the questioning of such social quotas would take place by the expression of a more conservative view of society but not by intolerance.
Although the data collection could not map such comments in terms of their geolocation, the sort of tension they represent might be an indication that users who might have written them are from the southern areas of Brazil. This so because the theme that produced the more significant number of comments is the one with least number of tokens per comment figure 3.
The positive comments are the ones with the larger number of tokens per comment Figure 3 also shows that expressions of prejudice against Bahia and Northeast have As one reads through figure 3, positive commenters may make longer texts and have longer pieces of argumentation in favour of their beliefs, it seems that users who are in favour of quotas took more time explaining and making their point of view clear to the reader.
As negative interactions are shorter, it is likely their authors took less time in argumentation. Themes as interaction The primary hypothesis in the t-test was that theses averages would be different, and, therefore, uncommon. As the results came precisely the opposite, consequently it might indicate that this kind of word distribution seems to be the one expected in interactions like this.
As an outcome of the comparison between table 2 and figure 3, it would be possible to observe that the interaction amongst users is the most common topic discussed, while it is the smaller in terms of text extension.
The results are relevant not only because they show the natural polarity that would take place in a context like this, but also suggest that other social themes are relevant in such context. System of choices: interaction amongst users. Interaction amongst users is the more frequent topic in the comments, and four seem to be the most frequent subtopics discussed here: 1 questioning one's knowledge regarding the system of quotas; 2 mocking or insulting users; 3 racial tensions.
Figure 4 brings a system of choices that represents such meanings. As one might see in figure 2, there are direct co-textual expressions, like baixa renda low income , ex. Such a relationship occurs in comments that defend the socioeconomic criterion as the only acceptable for a quota system. I'm not trans, I'm not black, I'm not a refugee, but I'm poor, I can't afford a college, do I have the right for quotas?
I agree to the quotas if they are for low-income people disregarding ideology colour or ethnicity. Because it already exists, my darling, quotas for those who studied in state schools. On the other hand, these users are criticised for some lack of knowledge regarding the quotas in Brazil, since most of the major universities already offer quotas for underprivileged students ex. The common strategy is to make this person as a senser in a mental cognitive process.
In most of the times, these processes come in the negative form in order to represent the user's incapacity to understand the system of quotas ex. The central argument lies in the negative characterisation of such users, who are judged in terms of normality ex.
This appreciation is commonly expressed using adjectives ex. The lack of familiarity with the system is interpreted not only as misinformation ex. Passar vergonha ex. In some cases, a response to a comment represents some users as burro stupid or as a bicho animal in co-occurrence with a cognitive mental estudar , study, or saber , know , in order to get a general tone of cognitive incapacity in a very negative semantic prosody.
They bring traces of irony as they put white people in the shoes of those who suffer prejudices. According to Hasenbalg [47] , such phenomenon tends to replicate the master-save relationship within a less aggressive discourse.
Racism has an economic expression in which black people are present in a subservient social place. Example 18 expresses a different framework; it tries to identify the quotas as an attempt to exclude the white male from the educational system.
This meaning relies on the use of completamente completely or entirely in association with the mental process esquecer forget in a context which the white male is the phenomenon in a passive voice. It is Easier to complain out of ignorance and be ashamed than trying to find out, right?
Collocates like passar vergonha be ashamed , 9 ex. In most of the cases, the comments are much more related either to cursing or slandering. System of choices: negative opinions. The negative evaluation of the quotas is commonly related to three main topics: 1 that minority groups should not be eligible for such policy ex.
Figure 5 brings a system of choices that represents such meanings. Firstly, comments discuss weather suffering discrimination and social vulnerability are acceptable criteria for quotas.
In this context, the primary strategy is to make jokes by comparing such groups to other groups who might also suffer some sort of prejudice in order to under evaluate the problems of the people who quotas would benefit. Ex 21 Por sofrer preconceito essas pessoas merecem uma facilidade pra entrar na faculdade? Because of prejudice, do these people deserve an easier way to enter in college?
Ex 22 E os gordos? Pras pessoas com orelha de abano? How about quotas for fat people? For people with big ears? Examples ex. Characteristics such as gordo fat or orelha de abano big ears are physical features that represent the quota programmes as overprotective ex.
Propositions like ex. The strategy is to associate expressions like Se a desculpa if the excuse to relational possessive processes like ter have to minimise the social issues that serve as a justification for the system of quotas, ex. In this context Sofrer suffer , ex. Example 23 raises racial and gender issues, since women, black and gay are represented as people who should not belong in the university.
A consequence of such quotas would be the exclusion white male from the higher education, a place which belongs to him as his right. Processes, adverbs and adjectives seem to have an important role expressing prejudice ex.
Example 18 uses the modalisation expression and the relational process ser to be determine the fact of being part of some of these groups should be mandatory in order to be in a university.
I did not know that being trans, refugee or poor or black would impose someone any intellectual limitation …. Sou branca, idosa, heterosexual …. I'm feeling excluded because of so much inclusion! I am white, elder, heterosexual …. In this discourse framework, the quota system represents a form of exclusion, since white people would be gradually rejected from the university for not participating in affirmative programmes.
In most cases, this occurs through a reaffirmation of personal characteristics ex. This strategy tires to generate a paradox: the absence of some racial, gender and transexual characteristics defines a pessoa normal normal person , ex.
In Brazilian Portuguese, pessoa normal normal person is a high evaluative expression, it praises the superiority of those who belong to it while it disregards all other people. Circumstantial elements may be responsible for expressing attitude towards the quota system ex. This grammatical and discursive strategy seems to build a new ideological representation: people who are now included would be responsible for excluding the ones who were already at university before them.
It makes the system to look unfair in the eyes of the privileged white classes. In Brazilian Portuguese, the future tense of ser to be ex. Since BP is a pro-drop language, the process is impersonalised by the use of the singular third person inflection.
I am in favour of socioeconomic quota, I am white, poor, I lived all my life in community, I started working as a teenager, I finished my high school in a supplementary course because I had no time to study, when I took the entrance exam I did not have any quota, you think is that fair?!?!
Transsexuals are ironically represented as intellectually handicapped ex. In the context of these examples, relational processes ser, to be and some material morar , live, trabalhar , work and their relationship with some circumstantial elements em um supletivo , in a supplementary course are essential because they are used to characterize the user in socioeconomic terms ex. Relational processes also take an important role, since they seem to relate the irony of these comments: transsexuals are always the possessors of such disabilities ex.
Ex 28 Transexuais e etc Pode ter uma capacidade intelectual menor do que as outras pessoas? There were just a few references to refugees 66 occurrences and immigrants 12 occurrences in the comments, they are present almost exclusively in comments that criticise the quota system. This brings up an important finding: the discussion motivated by the post is focused mainly on racial issues black vs. Ex 32 A! GFY Quota for transvestite ok Now for refugee is too much. In semantic terms, both groups might be evaluated positively or negatively: the same strategy is present in propositions in favour or against the inclusion of both groups.
Is a transsexual or an immigrant less intelligent than the average Brazilian?? Some grammatical patterns emerge in this context, as trabalhores workers ex. Relational attributive processes are also present in comparative propositions that question the intelligence of quota beneficiaries, who are portrayed as less intelligent menos inteligentes , ex. The discourse in favour of the quota system recognises the problems faced by vulnerable communities it is intended to aid.
The main argument takes the prejudice they suffer in their lifetime as causing exclusion from Brazilian educational system, thus moving them away from labour opportunities. Figure 6 brings a system of choices that represents such meanings. The propositions have their most common focus in the transsexual population, as they try to portray them as victims of some form of social inequity.
This occurs in propositions in which the idea of intellectual inability is denied ex. Relational clauses play an important role in this meaning framework, as they define the system of quotas as responsible for correcting social injustice ex. System of choices: positive opinions. Quota is an inclusion system for those who do not have a life as easy as ours …. Quotas for transsexuals are important to fight this problem of inequality and inclusion of transsexuals in the labour market and universities.
Transexuais transsexuals ex. Such grammatical pattern represents them as eligible for quotas as they have fewer opportunities and are subjected to prejudice during their lifetime ex. Circumstances of place ex. The processes are also evaluative, since sofrer and incluir carry strong cultural meanings, the first brings a negative prosody which contrasts and validates the need for affirmative polices, while latter takes an idea that the society should incorporate minorities.
Relational possessive processes establish a relationship between minorities and the need for inclusion. Transexuals are related lexical items as like mesmas oportunidades same opportunity, ex. Negative propositions play an essential role, the wording reflects the verb in its negative form as well as adverbs that modify the process and bring about a negative meaning in BP.
Congratulations, this is how inclusion is done by giving an opportunity to people who have not had. Trans women have a hard time getting a job, many give up studying due to prejudice.
Transvestites and transsexuals are sent away from from home, unable to survive and study. Did you know that 7 out of 10 trans end up into prostitution for not having access to the job market?
There are few material processes in which transexuals are goals ex. Expulsar ex. Some similar pattern is present in Desistir to give up, ex. This parataxic meaning of cause vs. As we can notice from examples 43 and 44, the comments evaluate UFBA as a provider of a new and excellent service for the transsexual community, to whom this sort of programme might be an important benefit ex.
Programmes like this one at the University of Bahia provide greater equality of teaching opportunities. In the country of inequality, quota is the minimum to try to start changing this …. Ex 45 Negro sofre preconceito? Sim Viado sofre preconceito? Sim Pobre? Do the black people suffer prejudice? Does a queer suffer prejudice? Yes, very much but, no class is so marginalized as transsexuals.
As I have discussed earlier, a result that drew my attention during data analysis was the presence of attacks against some ethnic and social groups as well as some expression of proud for being part of these very groups. Figure 7 brings a system of choices that represents such meanings.
Examples 46 and 48 instantiate common negative meanings. The first advocates that the Northeast should not be part of the country, while the second ascribes a meaning of shame to the region. Northeast is represented as a goal in a material process ex. Rachar a cara de vergonha ex. The proposition instantiates a material process rachar , 12 a goal cara , face and an attitudinal circumstance de vergonha , of shame in order to actualise such meaning.
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