The uprights rest on concrete foundations installed a few metres below ground-level on top of a layer of compacted gravel. Each corner edge rests on its own supporting block, applying to it a pressure of 3 to 4 kilograms per square centimetre , and each block is joined to the others by walls. On the Seine side of the construction, the builders used watertight metal caissons and injected compressed air , so that they were able to work below the level of the water.
The tower was assembled using wooden scaffolding and small steam cranes mounted onto the tower itself. The assembly of the first level was achieved by the use of twelve temporary wooden scaffolds, 30 metres high, and four larger scaffolds of 40 metres each. On December 7, , the joining of the major girders up to the first level was completed.
The pieces were hauled up by steam cranes, which themselves climbed up the Tower as they went along using the runners to be used for the Tower's lifts. It only took five months to build the foundations and twenty-one to finish assembling the metal pieces of the Tower.
Considering the rudimentary means available at that period, this could be considered record speed. The assembly of the Tower was a marvel of precision , as all chroniclers of the period agree. The construction work began in January and was finished on March 31, On the narrow platform at the top, Eiffel received his decoration from the Legion of Honour. Over there they were still working on the bolts: workmen with their iron bludgeons, perched on a ledge just a few centimetres wide, took turns at striking the bolts these in fact were the rivets.
One could have taken them for blacksmiths contentedly beating out a rhythm on an anvil in some village forge, except that these smiths were not striking up and down vertically, but horizontally, and as with each blow came a shower of sparks , these black figures, appearing larger than life against the background of the open sky, looked as if they were reaping lightning bolts in the clouds. Lemercier, Paris Even before the end of its construction, the Tower was already at the heart of much debate.
Enveloped in criticism from the biggest names in the world of Art and Literature, the Tower managed to stand its ground and achieve the success it deserved. The Exposition Universelle of Charles Garnier. Alexandre Dumas. Once the Tower was finished the criticism burnt itself out in the presence of the completed masterpiece, and in the light of the enormous popular success with which it was greeted.
Pedestrians often fell into one of the numerous "city matter" cesspools that formed overnight. The majority of these sunless passages still, in , as in Medieval times, depended on streams in the gutters to carry rain, the dregs of stagnant water and garbage, raw sewerage and all other miasmic accumulations to the nearest, hopelessly inadequate underground sewer.
More than a quarter of the city's streets had no water conduits. Rain caused the streets' gutters to overflow into ground level buildings, courtyards and cellars.
Small wonder that Paris had the highest death rate in the country. Only one house in five had iron pipes and running water and this luxury, limited to the ground floor, seldom produced clean drinking water.
Only the upper economic groups could afford to have drinking water delivered. Along with countless rats, fleas and the diseases they carried, the cholera epidemic also came from the streets. Between and cholera killed more than 19, Parisians. Without doubt, in , Paris was one of the filthiest, most pestilential and savagely overcrowded cities in the world, and the streets were a major part of the problem.
But even though successive administrations had made efforts to build a new street here, enlarge a passageway there, and carve out a few new promenades, it was obvious that given the city's rate of growth, the streets would only become worse. When Napoleon III drew the plan for his rebuilding of the city, he planned his boulevards straight through these streets, alleys and lanes. Head over for a spot of volleyball and sunbathing.
The 1 million locks weighed over 45 tonnes and had to be removed to prevent structural damage. The bridge has been redecorated with modern, art-deco designs. Still a pretty sight, but know what you should expect if planning to visit.
The Porte des Lilas station is rented out as a film set by production companies. The little train of Montmartre is a well-known sight in the district and gently winds its way up the hill. It loops around Place Blanche , embarking visitors on a minute tour with commentary to discover the major local sights.
An original and novel tour that is a must do! Fancy a romantic and unusual outing? Hop into a mythical 2CV for a night tour of the capital, and discover its finest monuments: the Arc de Triomphe, the Garnier Opera House, and Notre-Dame plus of course, Montmartre to finish! And to be sure of seeing all the sights, call on an expert!
There are many guided tours available to explore the Butte. To stroll along the streets of the most Bohemian district of Paris with a local, two guided tours are available in French, English, Spanish, German, Italian or Portuguese, depending on the day. Often available in several languages, they are another way of discovering Paris. Here is a selection:. Artventures France is an incoming travel agency based in the Paris region specialized in high end custom private tours around Do Eat Better creates food tours to discover a city through its traditional dishes.
The experience includes a walk through the Discover on foot, by car, by coach or by bike, the districts of historic, artistic and human Paris Marais, Latin Quarter, EDIT: The game is also available in kids and teenagers versions.
We invite you to re discover the magnificent Montmartre Imagine that Alphonse Allais and Alfred Jarry had come back to life to take you on a humorous guided tour of Montmartre My Precious Paris is a guided tour agency, founded by passionate locals to help you to fall in love with Paris.
0コメント